* | December 9, 1898 Brooklyn, New York, USA | |
† | April 25, 1920 New York City, New York, USA |
Anthony Slide Silent Players, A Biographical and Autobiographical Study of 100 Silent Film Actors and Actresses Lexington, Ky, 2002 |
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Eve Golden Golden Images, 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2001 |
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Edward Wagenknecht Stars of the Silents Metuchen, N.J., & London, 1987 |
Denise Lowe An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films, 1895 - 1930 New York, London, Oxford, 2005 |